Victoria Falls is one of Africa’s greatest natural wonders and one of the most famous waterfalls in the world. Set on the powerful Zambezi River, between Zambia and Zimbabwe, it is a place of mist, sound, adventure, and breathtaking views.
Locally, Victoria Falls is known as Mosi-oa-Tunya, meaning “the smoke that thunders.” The name makes sense as soon as you arrive. During high-water season, the spray rises high above the gorge, the sound of the falling water fills the air, and the whole area feels alive with energy.
Victoria Falls is also recognised as one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World, making it one of the most iconic places to visit in Southern Africa. What makes it even more interesting is that you can experience it from both sides of the falls — the Zambia side and the Zimbabwe side. Each side offers something different, from wide panoramic views to close-up spray-filled viewpoints and adventure activities.
This Victoria Falls travel guide will help you decide when to visit, which side to choose, what to do, where to stay, and how to plan your trip properly. Whether you are visiting for the views, Devil’s Pool, white-water rafting, a safari extension, or a once-in-a-lifetime Southern Africa itinerary, Victoria Falls is a destination worth planning well.
What Makes Victoria Falls Special?
Victoria Falls is special because of its size, power, sound, and setting. It is a premier global tourism destination and one of the greatest natural wonders in Africa, celebrated for what makes it so distinct.
The falls are around 1,708 metres wide and 108 metres high, and that combined width and height are why many describe them as the world’s largest waterfall. Victoria Falls is also considered the largest single sheet waterfall in the world, making it the largest waterfall of its kind to see in person. During high season, more than 481,386 cubic meters of water flow per minute pass over the edge.
Victoria Falls sits on the Zambezi River, one of Africa’s great rivers and africa’s fourth longest river. As the Zambezi reaches the edge of the gorge, it drops with incredible force into the Batoka Gorge below, creating heavy spray, mist, rainbows, and thunder-like sound.
This mist is why Victoria Falls is locally called Mosi-oa-Tunya, or “the smoke that thunders.” During high-water season, the spray rises high into the sky and helps sustain a riverine rainforest around the falls, creating a unique ecological niche that supports diverse plant and wildlife. The roar can be heard up to 40 kilometers away. Walking through the rainforest paths while hearing the roar of falling water is one of the most memorable parts of visiting.
Victoria Falls is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is recognised as one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. Whether you view it from the Zimbabwe side, the Zambia side, the Victoria Falls Bridge, or from the air, the scale and beauty of the falls make it a truly unforgettable place.
Victoria Falls: Zambia Side vs Zimbabwe Side
One of the biggest questions when planning a Victoria Falls trip is whether to visit the Zambia side or the Zimbabwe side. The good news is that both sides are worth visiting, but they offer different experiences.
Side | Best For |
|---|---|
Zimbabwe Side | Classic full views, Main Falls, Devil’s Cataract, rainforest walk, first-time visitors |
Zambia Side | Devil’s Pool, Livingstone Island, Knife Edge Bridge, Boiling Pot, closer water experience |
Both Sides | Best complete Victoria Falls experience |
Around three-quarters of Victoria Falls lies in Zimbabwe, so the Zimbabwe side usually offers the wider panoramic views of the falls. This is the side many first-time visitors choose if they want the classic postcard view, rainforest walking paths, and viewpoints such as Main Falls, devil’s cataract—roughly 70 meters deep—and Rainbow Falls.
The Zambia side gives a closer and more adventurous experience. From Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, you can visit viewpoints such as the Eastern Cataract, Knife Edge Bridge, and Boiling Pot. It is also the side used for Livingstone Island and Devil’s Pool, which are among the most famous adventure experiences at Victoria Falls.
If time and budget allow, the best option is to visit both sides of the falls. The Zimbabwe side gives you the grand views, while the Zambia side gives you a closer feeling of the spray, gorge, and river.
Visitors can cross between Zambia and Zimbabwe using the Victoria Falls Bridge, but border requirements matter. Always check visa rules, KAZA Univisa availability, passport requirements, and border crossing conditions before travelling.
Zimbabwe Side of Victoria Falls
The Zimbabwe side of Victoria Falls is often preferred by first-time visitors because it offers some of the widest and most classic views of the waterfall. Since much of the waterfall face can be seen from this side, it is one of the best places to appreciate the full scale and power of Victoria Falls.
The main entrance is through Victoria Falls National Park, which is close to Victoria Falls Town. From here, visitors can walk along rainforest paths that lead to several beautiful vantage points. These viewpoints give you clear views of sections such as Devil’s Cataract, Main Falls, and Rainbow Falls.
This side is especially good if you want the classic postcard-style views of the falls. During high-water season, the spray can be very strong, so you may get wet while walking through the rainforest. During lower-water months, visibility is often clearer, making it easier to see the rock face, gorge, and different sections of falling water.
A guided tour is a good idea if it is your first visit. A local guide can explain the history, geology, viewpoints, water levels, and the best places for photos. They can also help you understand how the falls change between the rainy season, dry season, full flood, and low-water periods.
The entry fee for Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean side is usually around US$30, but always check the latest official rates before travelling, as park fees can change.
Stay on or visit the Zimbabwe side if you want classic views, easy access from Victoria Falls Town, rainforest walking paths, and some of the best panoramic viewpoints of Victoria Falls.
Zambia Side of Victoria Falls
The Zambia side of Victoria Falls offers a closer, more dramatic experience, especially when water levels are good. Instead of only seeing the falls from a distance, this side often makes you feel closer to the spray, the gorge, and the power of the Zambezi River.
The main entrance is through Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, near Livingstone. From here, visitors can explore viewpoints such as the Eastern Cataract, Knife Edge Bridge, and Boiling Pot. These areas give you a more adventurous feel, with close-up views, strong spray during high-water months, and dramatic scenery around the gorge.
The Zambia side is also the only side used for Devil’s Pool and Livingstone Island. These are seasonal activities and usually depend on lower water levels. Devil’s Pool is one of the most famous experiences at Victoria Falls, but it must only be done as a guided activity with proper safety procedures.
The entry fee for Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park is usually around US$20, but always check the latest official rates before travelling, as fees can change.
The Zambia side is especially good for adventure travellers, photographers who want close-up views, and visitors who want to combine the falls with activities in Livingstone. It may not always offer the same wide panoramic view as the Zimbabwe side, but it gives you a very powerful and memorable Victoria Falls experience.
Best Time to Visit Victoria Falls
The best time to visit Victoria Falls depends on the kind of experience you want. The falls change dramatically throughout the year, so your trip can feel very different depending on whether you visit during high-water season or low-water season.
High-Water Season: February to July
The high-water season usually runs from February to July, when the Zambezi River carries more water and Victoria Falls reaches its most powerful flow. The falls are often at full flood, with peak flow usually around March and April.
This is the best time to feel the full power and awe-inspiring beauty of Victoria Falls. The spray can rise high into the air, the sound is intense, and the whole rainforest area feels alive with mist and falling water.
However, the heavy spray can make photography difficult from some viewpoints. You may not always get clear views of the gorge or the full waterfall curtain because the mist can be very thick. Some activities may also close when water levels are too high, so always check before planning your trip around a specific activity.
Low-Water Season: August to January
The low-water season usually runs from August to January. During this time, the spray is lighter, and views of the rock face, gorge, and different sections of the falls become clearer.
This season is better if you want visibility, photography, and adventure activities. Devil’s Pool is usually accessible from August to December, depending on water levels, and August to December is the best time for swimming in Devil’s Pool; it can only be visited from the Zambia side through Livingstone Island.
White water rafting is also often better during lower-water months because the rapids become more accessible. However, later in the low-water season, some parts of the Zambia side may become very low or even completely dry, so the Zimbabwe side can offer more consistent waterfall views.
Best Months for Different Travellers
Best for full flood: March to May
Best for Devil’s Pool: August to December
Best for white water rafting: Usually lower-water months
Best for photography: May to August, for a better balance of water flow and visibility
Hottest month: October can reach around 34°C
Best overall compromise: May, June, July or August
There is no single perfect month for everyone. If you want maximum power, visit during high water. If you want clearer views and adventure activities, visit during lower water. For many travellers, May to August gives a good balance between strong flow, visibility, and activity options.
Things to Do at Victoria Falls
Take a Guided Tour of the Falls
A guided tour is one of the best ways to experience Victoria Falls, especially if it is your first visit. You can do a guided walk on either the Zimbabwe side through Victoria Falls National Park or on the Zambia side through Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park.
A local guide can take you to the best viewpoints, explain the history of the falls, talk about the geology of the gorge, and help you understand how the water levels change throughout the year. Indigenous tribes have lived near the falls for thousands of years, and the area appeared on maps as early as 1715. In November 1855, david livingstone first saw the falls and named them after queen victoria. They can also show you safe walking routes, especially during high-water season when the paths can be wet and slippery from the spray, in a landscape recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1989.
A guided tour is useful because Victoria Falls is not just one viewpoint. There are different sections, different angles, and different experiences depending on the side you visit.
Visit Devil’s Pool and Livingstone Island
Devil’s Pool is one of the most famous adventure activities at Victoria Falls. It is accessed by visiting livingstone island on the Zambia side only, and this route is usually available from around August to December, depending on water levels.
This is not an activity you should ever attempt alone. To experience devil’s pool safely, it must be done as a guided activity only, with trained guides who understand the river, rocks, safety points, seasonal timing, and changing water levels.
For adventurous travellers, it can be a once-in-a-lifetime experience. You get close to the edge of the falls in a controlled way, with guides helping you throughout the activity. Always check if it is open before planning your trip around it.
Walk Across Victoria Falls Bridge
The Victoria Falls Bridge is one of the most iconic landmarks in the area. Completed in 1905, the bridge connects Zambia and Zimbabwe and offers dramatic views of Batoka Gorge and the Zambezi River below.
Walking across the bridge is a great activity if you want photos, views, and a better sense of how close the two countries are. It is also where some adventure activities take place.
Because the bridge sits between two countries, border rules may apply depending on how far you go and whether you are crossing officially. Always check border crossing requirements before walking across or planning activities from the bridge.
Try Bungee Jumping, Gorge Swinging or Zipline
Victoria Falls is one of the best adventure destinations in Southern Africa. If you enjoy adrenaline activities, you can try a bungee jump from the Victoria Falls Bridge, which is around 111 metres high.
Other popular adventure activities include gorge swinging and zipline experiences across the Batoka Gorge. These activities give you a completely different view of the gorge and are best for travellers who want more than just sightseeing.
Before booking, always check safety standards, operator reputation, age or weight restrictions, weather conditions, and what is included in the activity price.
Go White Water Rafting on the Zambezi River
White water rafting on the Zambezi River is one of the most exciting things to do near Victoria Falls. The rafting takes place below the falls in the Batoka Gorge, where the river creates powerful rapids.
Rafting is available from both the Zambia and Zimbabwe sides, but the experience depends heavily on seasonal water levels. During some high-water periods, rafting may be limited or closed for safety reasons. During lower-water months, the rapids are often more accessible.
This activity is best for adventure travellers who are comfortable with water, physical activity, and a more intense outdoor experience.
Take a Helicopter or Microlight Flight
For an unforgettable aerial view, consider a helicopter flight or microlight flight over Victoria Falls. Helicopter flights are often called the Flight of Angels, because they give you a wide view of the falls, the Zambezi River, the spray, and the Batoka Gorge.
From the air, Victoria Falls presents a completely different perspective. You can see the full shape of the waterfall, the river above it, and the deep gorge system below.
Microlight flights are another option from the Zambia side, offering a more open-air experience. Availability, routes, and conditions can change, so check with reputable operators before booking.
Enjoy a Sunset Cruise on the Zambezi River
A sunset cruise on the Zambezi River is a more relaxed way to enjoy the Victoria Falls area. It is a good evening activity after a day of walking, sightseeing, or adventure.
During the cruise, you may see hippos, crocodiles, birds, and sometimes elephants along the riverbanks. The main attraction is the peaceful atmosphere as the sun sets over the Zambezi.
This is a good choice for families, couples, and travellers who want a gentle activity without too much physical effort.
Ride the Royal Livingstone Express
The Royal Livingstone Express is a classic evening experience from Livingstone on the Zambia side. It is a vintage-style dinner train experience that usually includes a slow journey, dinner, and a nostalgic rail atmosphere.
It can be a good evening activity if it is operating during your visit. Always check the schedule in advance, because availability can depend on the season, demand, and operating days.
Best Viewpoints at Victoria Falls
Victoria Falls has many different viewpoints, and each one gives you a different angle of the waterfall, gorge, spray, and rainforest. The Zimbabwe side is best known for wide vantage points and classic views, while the Zambia side gives you more close-up views and dramatic spray-filled experiences.
During full flood, the mist can be very heavy, especially near the closest viewpoints. This can make the experience powerful and exciting, but it may also make photography more difficult. During low water, the views are usually clearer, and you can see more of the rock face, gorge, and structure of the falls.
Viewpoint | Side | Best For |
|---|---|---|
Devil’s Cataract | Zimbabwe | First views and dramatic drop |
Main Falls | Zimbabwe | Classic waterfall view |
Rainbow Falls | Zimbabwe | Mist, rainbows and wide views |
Eastern Cataract | Zambia | Close-up Zambian side views |
Knife Edge Bridge | Zambia | Spray, drama and photography |
Boiling Pot | Zambia | Gorge views below the falls |
If you only visit one side, the Zimbabwe side usually gives more complete waterfall views. But if you want to feel the power of the falls up close, the Zambia side is very special, especially around Knife Edge Bridge and the Eastern Cataract when water levels are good.
Where to Stay: Victoria Falls Town or Livingstone?
When planning your Victoria Falls trip, one of the main decisions is whether to stay in Victoria Falls Town on the Zimbabwe side or Livingstone on the Zambia side. Both work well, but they offer different access, activities, and travel styles.
Area | Country | Best For |
|---|---|---|
Victoria Falls Town | Zimbabwe | Easy access to main viewpoints, walkable town, classic views |
Livingstone | Zambia | Devil’s Pool, Livingstone Island, Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, local stays |
Riverside Lodges | Zambia / Zimbabwe | Luxury stays, Zambezi views, romantic trips |
Victoria Falls Town is close to the Zimbabwe side entrance of Victoria Falls National Park, making it very convenient if your main goal is to see the classic panoramic views of the falls. The town is fairly easy to move around, with hotels, restaurants, activity desks, craft markets, and access to the main viewpoints.
Livingstone is the main base for the Zambia side of Victoria Falls. It is useful if you want to visit Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, Livingstone Island, Devil’s Pool, the Knife Edge Bridge, or the Boiling Pot. Livingstone also has a wider local town feel, with different types of accommodation, restaurants, markets, and access to activities on the Zambian side.
For travellers who want a more romantic or luxury stay, riverside lodges on either side of the Zambezi River can be a beautiful option. These lodges often offer peaceful views, sunset cruises, river activities, and a quieter atmosphere away from the busier town areas.
Your choice may also depend on flights. Victoria Falls Airport serves the Zimbabwe side, while Livingstone Airport serves the Zambia side, and many travellers connect through major regional hubs such as Johannesburg or Cape Town before arriving. Before booking, check flight access, activity plans, border crossing rules, visa requirements, and your budget. Both sides are worth visiting, but the best base depends on what you want to experience most.
Day Trips from Victoria Falls
Victoria Falls is not only about the waterfall itself. The surrounding area gives travellers easy access to safari, river activities, local markets, cultural visits, and short nature experiences. If you have more than two nights, adding a day trip can make your Victoria Falls itinerary feel much fuller.
Chobe National Park Day Trip
A Chobe National Park day trip is one of the most popular add-ons from Victoria Falls. Chobe is located in Botswana and is famous for its large elephant herds, wildlife viewing, and beautiful setting along the Chobe River.
Most day trips include a border crossing, so you need to check passport, visa, and entry requirements before booking. A typical Chobe day trip often combines a morning boat cruise on the Chobe River with an afternoon game drive, or the other way around.
The boat cruise is excellent for seeing elephants, hippos, crocodiles, birds, and animals coming down to drink. The game drive gives you a better chance to explore the park by vehicle and look for lions, buffalo, giraffes, antelopes, and other wildlife.
Hwange National Park
Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe is another excellent option for wildlife lovers. It is known for elephants, classic safari landscapes, and strong game viewing, especially during the dry season.
While some travellers ask about doing Hwange as a day trip, it is usually better as an overnight safari extension rather than a rushed day visit. Hwange is a proper safari destination, and it deserves enough time for game drives, quiet bush moments, and a better chance of wildlife sightings.
If your trip allows, consider adding one or two nights in Hwange after visiting Victoria Falls. This gives you a more complete Zimbabwe travel experience, combining one of Africa’s great natural wonders with a proper safari.
Zambezi River and Surrounding Area
If you do not want a full safari day trip, there are many shorter activities around the Zambezi River and the surrounding area. The wider area has also yielded stone artefacts, showing a very long human presence near the river and falls. You can visit local markets, join cultural visits, enjoy nature experiences, take a short river activity, or simply spend more time exploring the towns on either side of the falls.
Near Victoria Falls Town and Livingstone, you can also find craft markets, cafés, river viewpoints, local tours, and short guided activities. These are good options if you want something relaxed between bigger adventures like Devil’s Pool, rafting, helicopter flights, or Chobe day trips.
Practical Victoria Falls Travel Tips
Before you book your Victoria Falls trip, decide which side fits your itinerary best. Victoria Falls Airport is the most convenient airport if you are staying on the Zimbabwe side near Victoria Falls Town. Livingstone Airport is the better option if you are staying on the Zambia side and want easy access to Livingstone, Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, Livingstone Island, and Devil’s Pool.
It is also useful to carry US dollars for many activities, tips, visas, and some local payments, especially around the Victoria Falls area. Card payments are available in many places, but having some cash can make things easier.
Always check visa rules before travelling. If you plan to visit both Zambia and Zimbabwe, or add a Chobe National Park day trip in Botswana, check whether the KAZA Univisa is available and suitable for your route. Visa rules can change, and border crossings can take time, so it is better to confirm everything before you travel.
If Devil’s Pool is on your list, book it in advance and check the season carefully. It is usually available during lower-water months and only from the Zambia side through Livingstone Island.
During high-water season, bring waterproof protection. The spray can be very heavy, especially near Knife Edge Bridge and some rainforest viewpoints. A light rain jacket, waterproof phone pouch, and camera protection can be very useful. Comfortable walking shoes are also important because the paths can get wet and slippery.
For adventure activities like bungee jumping, gorge swinging, white water rafting, microlight flights, or helicopter flights, use reputable operators only. Check safety standards, age or weight limits, weather conditions, and cancellation rules before booking.
Most importantly, check water levels before choosing your activities. Victoria Falls changes throughout the year. High water gives you power and spray, while low water gives you clearer views and better access to some seasonal activities.
Both Zambia and Zimbabwe offer different Victoria Falls experiences. The best trip is often the one that gives you enough time to enjoy both sides, choose the right activities, and travel at the season that matches your expectations.
Is Victoria Falls Better from Zambia or Zimbabwe?
The honest answer is that Victoria Falls is worth seeing from both Zambia and Zimbabwe if your time, budget, and visa rules allow. Each side gives a different experience, and together they give the most complete view of the falls.
The Zimbabwe side is often better for classic panoramic views. Because much of the waterfall face is visible from this side, it is usually the best choice if you want wide views of the Main Falls, Devil’s Cataract, rainforest paths, and several strong vantage points. During low-water months, the Zimbabwe side may also offer more consistent waterfall views when some parts of the Zambia side become very low or dry.
The Zambia side is better if you want closer, more adventurous experiences. This is the side for Devil’s Pool, Livingstone Island, Knife Edge Bridge, Boiling Pot, and close-up views of the gorge and spray. It may not always give the same wide view as Zimbabwe, but it gives you a more dramatic feeling of being close to the falling water.
During high-water season, both sides can be very powerful and dramatic. However, the spray can be heavy, and mist may reduce visibility from some viewpoints. During low-water season, the views are clearer, but water flow can be much lower, especially on parts of the Zambia side.
So, if you want the best classic view, choose Zimbabwe. If you want Devil’s Pool and close-up adventure, choose Zambia. If you want the best overall Victoria Falls experience, visit both sides.
Suggested Victoria Falls Itinerary
1 Day at Victoria Falls
If you only have 1 day at Victoria Falls, focus on the main waterfall experience first. Start with a guided tour of the falls on either the Zimbabwe side or the Zambia side, depending on where you are staying.
After the guided tour, visit the Victoria Falls Bridge for views of the gorge and the border area between Zambia and Zimbabwe. If time allows, end the day with either a sunset cruise on the Zambezi River or a helicopter flight for an aerial view of the falls.
A 1-day visit is short, but it can still give you a strong first impression of Victoria Falls.
2 Days at Victoria Falls
With 2 days at Victoria Falls, you can experience more than one side of the falls. Spend one day doing a Zimbabwe side tour for the classic panoramic views, then use the second day for the Zambia side and closer viewpoints.
If the season is right, add Devil’s Pool and Livingstone Island on the Zambia side. In the evening, enjoy a sunset cruise or choose one adventure activity, such as bungee jumping, gorge swinging, white water rafting, or a helicopter flight.
This is a good length of stay if you want both sightseeing and one memorable activity.
3 Days at Victoria Falls
With 3 days at Victoria Falls, you can enjoy a fuller experience without rushing. Spend time on both sides of the falls, add a Chobe National Park day trip, and include one major adventure activity such as white water rafting or a bungee jump.
You can also keep one evening for a relaxed river activity, such as a sunset cruise on the Zambezi River. This itinerary works well for travellers who want waterfalls, wildlife, adventure, and some time to rest.
4+ Days
If you have 4 days or more, Victoria Falls can become part of a bigger Southern Africa trip. You can combine Victoria Falls plus Chobe National Park in Botswana, add Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe, or continue to a Zambia safari extension or Zimbabwe safari extension.
This is the best option if you want to turn your Victoria Falls visit into a full safari and adventure holiday. You will have more time for border crossings, guided tours, wildlife viewing, river activities, and relaxed evenings by the Zambezi.
Final Thoughts
Victoria Falls is one of Africa’s greatest natural wonders and one of the most unforgettable places to visit in Southern Africa. With its powerful spray, deep gorge, rainforest paths, and dramatic views over the Zambezi River, it is much more than just a quick photo stop.
One of the best things about Victoria Falls is that it can be visited from both Zambia and Zimbabwe. Each side gives you a different experience. The Zimbabwe side is best for classic panoramic views, wide viewpoints, and the rainforest walk through Victoria Falls National Park. The Zambia side is best for close-up adventure, Devil’s Pool, Livingstone Island, Knife Edge Bridge, and dramatic views of the gorge.
The best time to visit depends on what you want to do. High-water season gives you the full power and spray of the falls, while low-water season gives you clearer views and better access to activities like Devil’s Pool and white-water rafting. Before booking, always check water levels, activity availability, visa rules, and which airport works best for your itinerary.
If you have extra time, add a safari extension. Chobe National Park is a popular day trip from Victoria Falls, while Hwange National Park works better as an overnight safari extension. These options combine the falls with wildlife, river cruises, elephants, game drives, and a fuller Southern Africa experience.
This Victoria Falls travel guide should help you choose the right side, season, activities, accommodation base, and itinerary for your trip. Whether you visit from Zambia, Zimbabwe, or both, Victoria Falls is a destination that deserves proper planning.
FAQs
Is Victoria Falls in Zambia or Zimbabwe?
Mention it is on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe and can be visited from both sides.
Which side of Victoria Falls is better?
Mention Zimbabwe for panoramic views, Zambia for Devil’s Pool and close-up adventure.
What is the best time to visit Victoria Falls?
Mention high water from February to July, peak flow around March/April, and Devil’s Pool season around August to December.
Can you visit Devil’s Pool from Zimbabwe?
No. Devil’s Pool is accessed from the Zambia side via Livingstone Island.
How many days do you need at Victoria Falls?
Mention 2 to 3 days is ideal for both sides and activities; longer if adding Chobe or Hwange.
Is Victoria Falls bigger than Niagara Falls?
Mention Victoria Falls is often described as the largest single sheet waterfall in the world and is wider and higher than Niagara Falls.
Which airport should I use for Victoria Falls?
Mention Victoria Falls Airport for Zimbabwe side and Livingstone Airport for Zambia side.
Can you do a Chobe day trip from Victoria Falls?
Yes, many travellers do a day trip to Chobe National Park in Botswana, but border crossing rules should be checked.
